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Recent studies suggest the use of alternative practices such as MI training associated with robotic devices concomitantly with physical therapy (Padfield et al., 2019 Ramos-Murguialday et al., 2019 Bhagat et al., 2020). When a patient performs an MI task with his/her hand, it is possible to identify a sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) desynchronization-also referred to as event-related desynchronization (ERD)-in the motor cortex by processing neuroelectric signals recorded through BMIs (Remsik et al., 2016 Guggisberg et al., 2019). Therefore, severely hemiplegic stroke patients are not able to benefit from this therapy.Īlthough stroke survivors generally have damaged the cortex or associated neural communication pathways, the ability to perform the mental rehearsal of a physical movement task-know as motor imagery (MI)-remains preserved in most cases (Page et al., 2005 Buch et al., 2008 Bartur et al., 2019 Lu et al., 2020). Despite its effectiveness, the CIMT fail to engage a large number of patients, mainly due to factors such as the restriction of movement for long periods, the immobilization devices (Page et al., 2002), and the requirement of some residual motor skills in affected limbs (Taub et al., 1999 Wolf et al., 2006). A proven effective strategy for motor rehabilitation is the Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT), which restricts the movements of a healthy arm/hand in order to reinforce motor learning by the impaired limb, stimulating its use (Wolf et al., 2006 Langhorne et al., 2011 Pollock et al., 2014). Nonetheless, there are novel approaches that may be included in the treatment to improve the outcomes. One of the primary approaches to recover movement in stroke patients involves medication and active motor training with physiotherapists or occupational therapists (McConnell et al., 2017 Tai et al., 2020). This situation is consistent with considerable damages to the corticospinal tract (Kwakkel et al., 2003), which enable the patient to perform basic hand movements such as cylindrical and pinch grasps movements. Six months after the stroke onset, 30% of hemiplegic stroke patients remain with no arm and hand function. In 2017, an estimated 11.9 million people worldwide suffered strokes, representing an increase of 21% in 10 years from 2008 (GBD, 2018), and becoming one of the main causes of long-term disabilities (Benjamin et al., 2018). However, the occurrence of a stroke can change this reality rapidly, impairing arm and hand function persistently. Most of the activities of daily living (ADLs) directly involve hand motor skills. This may support motor rehabilitation and improve stroke survivors life quality. Thus, users will be able to execute motor training with the HERO at hospitals, rehabilitation clinics, and at home, increasing the rehabilitation intervention time. Its use is not restricted to a clinical setting. HERO project resulted in a lightweight, simple, portable, ergonomic, and low-cost device. The participant was able to control the exoskeleton with a classification accuracy of 91.5%. The weight over the hand was around 102 g. HERO can be compared to ordinary clothing.
#Eeg cost software
Ergonomy was evaluated with a two-dimensional (2D) tracking software and correlation analysis. A healthy volunteer was submitted to a training session with the exoskeleton, according to the Graz-BCI protocol. Concept tests were performed to evaluate control performance. The exoskeleton was controlled by neuroelectric signal-electroencephalography (EEG).
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The actuator transforms the torque of DC motors into linear force transmitted by Bowden cables to move the fingers passively.
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3D-printed actuators have also been designed to reduce equipment costs.
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A three-dimensional (3D) printing technique in association with textiles was used to produce a lightweight and wearable device. Motivated by this context, this work aims to design and construct the Hand Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation Objectives (HERO) to recover extension and flexion movements of the fingers. However, there is still little acceptance of the robotic devices available, either by patients and clinicians, mainly because of the high costs involved. BMIs involving orthotic control by motor imagery practices have been successful in restoring stroke patients' movements. Robotic equipment associated with brain–machine interfaces (BMI) may aid the motor rehabilitation of these patients. Stroke survivors can be affected by motor deficits in the hand.